Resume of Dr. ir. R.A. (Rolf) de By

Background

I obtained my secondary school diploma ('Atheneum-B') in 1978, with emphasis on mathematics, physics and foreign languages. Subsequently pursued an engineering (MSc.) degree ('ir.') in Applied Mathematics from Twente University. Emphasis on discrete mathematics and computer science, which at first was not yet a full-fledged department. MSc topic was on the use of graph theory to represent (causal) knowledge, thesis in 1985.

Continued first as a research assistant at the Computer Science department, Twente University, under Peter Apers in the field of database design. Became assistant professor there in 1989. PhD thesis on formal methods of database design in 1991. Continued assistant professorship in same group until 1996.

Joined ITC as an associate professor in Spatial Information Theory and Applied Computer Science (in division by that name) in 1996, and have held that position until today, though now in GIP department (see below). Temporarily replaced full professor of division between January 2002 and July 2003, until formation of GeoInformation Processing (GIP) Department.

Activities in education

Previously, at Twente University I taught various subjects in Computer Science, to various kinds of students, mostly in computer science, occasionally from other departments. Topics covered included Databases, Information Systems, Formal Software Engineering and Computer Programming.

During the first few years at ITC much effort was invested in developing new materials, amongst others in programming, computer networks, databases, and some GIS-related topics. I also taught on most of these subjects.

An important effort of courseware development in which I have been involved is the production of the 'Principles of Geographic Information Systems' book, which is the basis of one of the core modules in all of ITC's educational programmes. I also helped out with the publication of another core module book, 'Principles of Remote Sensing'.

Nowadays, most of my teaching time goes to teaching in the Geoinformatics programme, and to some extent also the Geoinformation Management/Land Administration programme. My modules are:

the Principles of Databases module (master and MSc levels of GFM/GIMLA programmes)
the Spatial Data Modelling module (master level GFM)
the Design and Implementation of Spatial Databases (MSc level)
modules related to Basic Research Skills and Student Research Projects

and derived from that:

supervision of Master and MSc students in their final projects

Activities in research

The main characteristic of my research interests is that I aim to improve my understanding of how the art in computer science can be turned into technique, in the domain of applications of spatial databases and GIS technology (in most other fields of life, I prefer art over technique). I enjoy trying to improve existing techniques (of spatial data handling in the wide sense) so that they become more elegant, robust, trustworthy, more repeatable, more generic, and easier to understand and apply. Preferably all of that.

The main topics of research that I have been involved in the past are:

databases for biodiversity data (see refs with Campos dos Santos)
database support for moving object data (see refs with Meratnia)
database support for spatial vague objects (see refs with Dilo)

Since early 2007, I am the theme leader for the field of Spatial Data Infrastructure - Technology, and as such collaborate with the KLM flying squad: Köbben, Lemmens and Morales. Their areas are, respectively, Web GIS, Advanced Geoservices, SDI Architecture and Design. Barring jokes, Ellen-Wien Augustijn, Wim Bakker and Bas Retsios (in part) are also on the team.

Our theme team as a whole addresses the methods and techniques that allow our customer organisation to play a role in the SDI arena, helping them to design and implement information systems in which spatial data plays an important role and that have spatial information sharing with third parties as an important ambition. Thus, we study design methods, programming paradigms and geo-software packages, especially in the open source domain, that can help out in achieving such ambitions.

Activities in project services

I am also currently the portfolio manager for projects of the GIP department, and as such am the first port of call when external project opportunities for the department arise. A substantial amount of my time goes into acquisition, proposal writing, and otherwise accommodating project definitions for the department.

There are two larger projects in which I am currently active as an ITC consultant. But these activities actually change more rapidly than what I can maintain in this resume page. The two larger projects are the NGIC project with the Ministry of Environment of Mongolia, and an information system development project with the Institute for Rural Development Planning in Dodoma, Tanzania.

Publications

ISI Journal Articles

Köbben, B.J., de By, R.A., Foerster, T., Huisman, O., Lemmens, R.L.G. and Morales, J.M. (2010) Using the SDIlight approach in teaching a geoinformatics master : research article. In: Transactions in GIS, 14 (2010)s1 pp. 25-37. Full text | Full text

de By, R.A., Lemmens, R. and Morales, J.M. (2009) A skeleton design theory for spatial data infrastructure : methodical construction of SDI nodes and SDI networks. In: Earth science informatics, 2(2009)4, pp. 299-313. Full text | Full text

Dilo, A., de By, R.A. and Stein, A. (2007) A system of types and operators for handling vague spatial objects. In: International journal of geographical information science : IJGIS, 21 (2007)4 pp. 397-426. Full text | Full text

Lemmens, R.L.G., Wytzisk, A., de By, R.A. and ... [et al.] (2006) Integrating semantic and syntactic descriptions to chain geographic services. In: IEEE internet computing, 10(2006)5, pp. 42-52. Full text

Oindo, B.O., de By, R.A. and Skidmore, A.K. (2001) Environmental factors influencing bird species diversity in Kenya. In: African Journal of Ecology, 39(2001)3, pp. 295-302.

Even, S.J., Faase, F.J. and de By, R.A. (1996) Language features for cooperation in an object oriented database environment. In: International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, 5(1996)4, pp. 469-500.

Book Chapters

de By, R.A. and ... [et al.] (2008) Base de dados para inventários de biodiversidade. In: Reserva Ducke : a biodiversidade amazonica através de uma grade / ed. by M.L. Oliveira ... [ et al.] Manaus : INPA, CNPq, PPBio/MCT, 2008. ISBN 978-85-99387-06-1 pp. 145-160. Full text | Full text

Dilo, A., Bos, P., Kraipeerapun, P. and de By, R.A. (2006) Storage and manipulation of vague spatial objects using existing GIS functionality. In: Flexible databases supporting imprecision and uncertainty / ed. by G. Bordogna and G. Psaila. Berlin : Springer, 2006. (Studies in fuzziness and soft computing ; 203) ISBN: 978-3-540-33288-6. pp. 293-321. Full text

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2004) Spatiotemporal compression techniques for moving point objects. In: Advances in database technology - EDBT 2004 : proceedings of the 9th international conference on extending database technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, March 14-18, 2004. / editor E. Bertino, S. Christodoulakis, D. Plexousakis, V. Christophides, M Koubarakis, K. Böhm, E. Ferrari. - Berlin etc. : Springer, 2004. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; 2992) pp. 765-782.

PhD Theses

Dilo, A., Stein, A. (Promotor) and de By, R.A. (co-promotor) (2006) Representation of and reasoning with vagueness in spatial information : a system for handling vague objects. Enschede, ITC, 2006. ITC Dissertation 135, ISBN: 90-8504-461-8. Full text

Lemmens, R.L.G., van Oosterom, P.J.M. (Promotor) and de By, R.A. (Promotor) (2006) Semantic interoperability of distributed geo - services. Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2006. ITC Dissertation 138, ISBN: 90-6164-250-7. Full text

Meratnia, N., Apers, P.M.G. (Promotor) and de By, R.A. (Promotor) (2005) Towards database support for moving object data. Enschede, University of Twente, 2005. ITC Dissertation 120, CTIT PhD thesis series 05-69, SIKS Dissertation series 2005-04, ISBN: 90-365-2152-1.

Campos dos Santos, J.L., Apers, P.M.G. (Promotor) and de By, R.A. (Promotor) (2003) A biodiversity information system in an open data - metadatabase architecture. Enschede, ITC, 2003. ITC Dissertation 100, ISBN: 90-6164-214-0. Full text

Saadi Mesgari, M., Kainz, W. (Promotor) and de By, R.A. (Promotor) (2000) Topological cell - tuple structures for three dimensional spatial data. Enschede, University of Twente, 2000. ITC Dissertation 74, ISBN: 90-3651-511-4.

Conference Proceedings (full papers)

Ivanova, I., Morales, J.M., Gebresilassie, M.A. and de By, R.A. (2011) Searching for spatial data resources by fitness for use. In: Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on spatial data quality, 12-14 October 2011, Coimbra, Portugal / ed. by C.C. Fonte, L.M.S. Gonçalves and G. Gonçalves. - Coimbra : Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Coimbra (INESC Coimbra), 2011. - 213 p. ISBN: 978-989-95055-8-2. pp. 127-132. Full text

Ivanova, I., Huisman, O., de By, R.A., Rutzinger, M., Bakker, W.H. and Feringa, W.F. (2010) Developing a distance education programming skills course fo geo - information sciences and earth observation students + powerpoint. In: ISPRS 2010 : ISPRS mid - term symposium commission VI : cross - border education for global geo - information : ITC, Enschede, the Netherlands, 2-4 June 2010. - [s.l.] : International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), 2010. pp. 62-67 + 39 slides. Full text | Full text

Morales, J.M. and de By, R.A. (2009) Design templates for real - time geo - processing workflows. In: Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on digital earth : Digital earth in action, 9-12 September 2009, Beijing China. Beijing : International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE), 2009. 8 p. Full text

Köbben, B.J., Lemmens, R.L.G., Morales, J.M., de By, R.A. and Foerster, T. (2009) The SDI - light OSGEO stack at ITC. In: Proceedings of OSGIS : 1st open source GIS UK conference, 22nd June 2009, the Centre for Geospatial Science, University of Nottingham, UK. - Nottingham : University of Nottingham, 2009. 6 p. Full text | Full text

Ivanova, I., Feringa, W.F., de By, R.A. and Retsios, V. (2008) Self - instructive course on principles of databases. In: Sharing good practices : e-learning in surveying, geo - information sciences and land administration, proceedings FIG International Workshop 11-13 June 2008 ITC, Enschede The Netherlands Enschede : Apeldoorn : Fredrikshaven : ITC, Kadaster, FIG, 2008. ISBN 978-90-6164-271-8. pp. 35-50. Full text | Full text

Dilo, A., de By, R.A. and Stein, A. (2007) Metrics for vague spatial objects based on the concept of mass. In: FUZZ-IEEE 2007 : Intelligence is Fuzzy : IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems Imperial College, London, UK 23-26 July, 2007. IEEE, 2007. ISBN 1-4244-1210-2. pp. 804-809. Full text

Augustijn, P.W.M. and de By, R.A. (2007) Towards routine large - scale spatial event simulations : poster. In: Proceedings Geocomputation 2007 : the art and science of solving complex spatial problems with computers, 3-5 September 2007, NUI Maynooth, Ireland. Maynoot : National University of Ireland (NUI), 2007. 6 p. Full text

Pérez Lapeña, B., de By, R.A. and Corsi, F. (2006) Configuration problem and description logic : towards automated species distribution mapping. In: Tropical biodiversity : science, data, conservation : proceedings of the 3rd GBIF Science Symposium, Brussels, 18-19 April 2005. / ed. by H. Segers, P. Desmet and E. Baus. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy, 2006. pp. 122-131. Full text | Full text

Zhou, Y., de By, R.A. and Augustijn, P.W.M. (2006) Explorative research on methods for discrete space - time simulation integrated with the event - based approach and agent concept. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatics 2006 : Geospatial information technology, 28-29 October 2006, Wuhan, China / ed. by Huayi Wu and Qing Zhu. Bellingham : The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), 2006. (SPIE proceedings series ; 6421) ISBN 0-8194-6528-3. pp. 64211D-1 - 64211D-11. Full text

Lemmens, R.L.G., Granell, C., Wytzisk, A., de By, R.A. and ... [et al.] (2006) Semantic and syntactic service descriptions at work in geo service chaining. In: Proceedings of the 9the AGILE conference on geographic information science, shaping the future of geographic information science in Europe, Visegrad, Hungary, 20-22 April 2006. Székesfehérvár : University of West Hungary, 2006. ISBN 963-229-422-X pp. 51-61. Full text | Full text

Dilo, A., de By, R.A. and Stein, A. (2005) A proposal for spatial relations between vague objects. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality '2005, August 25-26, 2005, Beijing / ed. by Lun Wu, Wenzhong Shi, Yu Fang and Qingxi Tong. Hong Kong : The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2005. pp. 50-59. Full text

Dilo, A., de By, R.A. and Stein, A. (2004) Definition and implementation of vague objects. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality ISSDQ'04, Bruck an der Leitha, Austria, April 15-17th, 2004. / ed. by A. Frank and E. Grum. Vienna: Technical University of Vienna, 2004. pp. 139-145. Full text

Dilo, A., Kraipeerapun, P., Bakker, W.H. and de By, R.A. (2004) Storing and handling vague spatial objects. In: Proceedings of the 15th International workshop on database and expert systems applications DEXA'04, Zaragoza, September 2-3 2004. Los Alamitos : IEEE, 2004. ISBN 0-7695-2195-9 . pp. 945-950. Full text

Gong, J., Shi, L., Du, D. and de By, R.A. (2004) Technologies and standards on spatial data sharing. In: ISPRS 2004 : proceedings of the XXth ISPRS congress : Geo-imagery bridging continents, 12-23 July 2004, Istanbul, Turkey. Comm. IV WG IV/2. pp. 118-128. Full text

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2003) A new perspective on trajectory compression techniques. In: Proceedings of ISPRS Commission II and IV, Working Groups II/5, II/6, IV/1 and IV/2 Joint Workshop on Spatial, Temporal and Multi-dimensional Data Modelling and Analysis, October 2-3, 2003, Quebec city, Canada. 8 p. Full text

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2003) Trajectory registration and compression for regular traffic. In: Proceedings of the 5th geomatic week : cartography, telematics and navigation, 11-14 February 2003, Barcelona, Spain. 10 p.

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2003) Trajectory representation in location - based services : problems and solutions. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Workshop on Web and Wireless Geographical Systems (W2GIS 2003) in conjunction with the Fourth International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE), 13 December 2003, Rome, Italy. 7 p. Full text

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2002) Aggregation and comparison of trajectories. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems ACM-GIS, McLean, 8-9 November 2002. 6 p.

Meratnia, N., Kainz, W. and de By, R.A. (2002) Approaches towards integration and comparison of trajectories. In: ACSM - ASPRS 2002 Annual Conference Proceedings : Washington, D.C., USA, April 19-26 2002. 7 p.

Lemmens, R.L.G. and de By, R.A. (2002) Distributed GIS and metadata : methods for the description of interoperable GIS components. In: International workshop on mobile and internet GIS, Wuhan, China, August 15-16, 2002. ISPRS Commission II Symposium, Working group 5. 9 p.

Campos dos Santos, J.L., de By, R.A., Apers, P.M.G. and Magalhaes, C. (2002) Facilitating interdiciplinary sciences by the integration of a clos(i) based database with bio - metadata : ISPRS commission IV, WG IV-2. In: ISPRS 2002 : SDH 2002 : CIG 2002 : proceedings of the joint ISPRS commission IV symposium, Spatial Data Handling and 95th annual CIG geomatics conference : Geospatial theory, processing and applications, July 9-12, 2002 Ottawa, Canada. - Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Geomatics (CIG), 2002. CD-ROM. 6 p.

van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J., de By, R.A. and Tuladhar, A.M. (2002) Geo - ICT technology push vs. market pull. In: OEEPE workshop: Next Generation Geospatial databases - 2005, 22-24 May, 2002 Southampton, England. 20 p.

Meratnia, N., Kainz, W. and de By, R.A. (2002) Spatio - temporal methods to reduce data uncertainty in restricted movement on a road network. In: ISPRS 2002 : SDH 2002 : CIG 2002 : proceedings of the joint ISPRS commission IV symposium, Spatial Data Handling and 95th annual CIG geomatics conference : Geospatial theory, processing and applications, July 9-12, 2002 Ottawa, Canada. - Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Geomatics (CIG), 2002. CD-ROM. 12 p.

Meratnia, N. and de By, R.A. (2001) Moving objects data modeling. In: Proceedings of ASPRS 2001 Conference: Gateway to the New Millennium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA., 23-27 April 2001. 9 p.

Oindo, B.O., Skidmore, A.K. and de By, R.A. (2000) Interannual variability of NDVI and species richness in Kenya. In: ISPRS 2000 congress : geoinformation for all : Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 16-23 July, 2000. part 7D pp. 1402-1409. Full text | Full text

Meratnia, N., Duzgun, F. and de By, R.A. (2000) Monitoring and analysis of water pollution using temporal GIS. In: ISPRS 2000 congress : geoinformation for all : Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 16-23 July, 2000, part B7 pp. 861-867. Full text | Full text

Saadi Mesgari, M., de By, R.A. and Kainz, W. (1999) A three - dimensional topological data model for urban applications. In: Proceedings of the thematic conference and exhibition on geomatics, May 1999, National Cartographic Centre of Iran (NCC), Tehran, 1999. 9 p.

Faase, F.J., Even, S.J., de By, R.A. and Apers, P.M.G. (1997) Integrating organisational and transactional aspects of cooperative activities. In: Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on database programming languages, August 18-20 1997, Estes Park, Colorado, USA / ed. by S. Cluet and R. Hull. London : Springer, 1997. ISBN:3-540-64823-2. (Lecture Notes In Computer Science ; Vol. 1369) pp. 336-354.

Scientific and Professional Publications

Ivanova, I., de By, R.A., Bakker, W.H., Kooistra, J.F., Feringa, W.F. and Retsios, V. (2010) Principles of databases : distance education. Enschede, ITC, 2010.

Ivanova, I., Huisman, O., de By, R.A., Feringa, W.F., Bakker, W.H., Rutzinger, M. and Retsios, V. (2010) Programming skills : distance education. Enschede, ITC, 2010.

Huisman, O. (editor) and de By, R.A. (editor) (2009) Principles of geographic information systems : an introductory textbook. Enschede, ITC, 2009. ITC Educational Textbook Series 1, ISBN: 978-90-6164-269-5. Full text

de By, R.A. and Eelderink, L. (2007) Workshop report : design methods for sustainable SDI, 12 September 2007, Kampala, Uganda. In: Spatial Data Infrastructure -- Africa Newsletter, 6(2007)10. p. 3-4. Full text | Full text

Nittel, S. (editor) and de By, R.A. (editor) (2006) ACM - GIS 2006 : International symposium on advances in Geographic Information Systems, November 10-11, 2006 Arlington, Va, USA. New York, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2006.

de By, R.A. (editor) , de By, R.A., Georgiadou, P.Y., Knippers, R.A., Kraak, M.J., Sun, Y., Weir, M.J.C. and van Westen, C.J. (2004) Principles of geographic information systems : an introductory textbook. Enschede, ITC, 2004. ITC Educational Textbook Series 1, ISBN: 90-6164-226-4.

de By, R.A. (editor) , de By, R.A., Knippers, R.A., Sun, Y., Ellis, M.C., Kraak, M.J., Weir, M.J.C., Georgiadou, P.Y., Radwan, M.M., van Westen, C.J., Kainz, W. and Sides, E.J. (2004) Principles of geographic information systems : an introductory textbook : translated into Korean. Enschede, ITC, 2004. ITC Educational Textbook Series 1, ISBN: 89-953256-2-3.

de By, R.A. (editor) , Janssen, L.L.F. (editor) and Huurneman, G.C. (editor) (2004) Principles of remote sensing and geographic information systems on CD - ROM. Enschede, ITC, 2004.

de By, R.A. (editor) , de By, R.A., Knippers, R.A., Sun, Y., Ellis, M.C., Kraak, M.J., Weir, M.J.C., Georgiadou, P.Y., Radwan, M.M., van Westen, C.J., Kainz, W. and Sides, E.J. (2001) Principles of geographic information systems : an introductory textbook. Enschede, ITC, 2001. ITC Educational Textbook Series 1, ISBN: 90-6164-200-0.

de By, R.A. (editor) and Janssen, L.L.F. (editor) (2001) Principles of remote sensing and geographic information systems on CD - ROM. Enschede, ITC, 2001.

de By, R.A. (editor) , de By, R.A., Knippers, R.A., Sun, Y., Ellis, M.C., Kraak, M.J., Weir, M.J.C., Georgiadou, P.Y., Radwan, M.M., van Westen, C.J., Kainz, W. and Sides, E.J. (2000) Principles of geographic information systems : an introductory textbook. Enschede, ITC, 2000. ITC Educational Textbook Series 1, ISBN: 90-6164-184-5.

de By, R.A., Ellis, M.C., Kainz, W., Knippers, R.A., Kraak, M.J., Krol, B.G.C.M., Radwan, M.M., Sides, E.J., Sun, Y., Weir, M.J.C. and van Westen, C.J. (1999) Principles of geographic information systems : ITC core module : version 1 : syllabus. Enschede, ITC, 1999.

de Leeuw, J., Prins, H.H.T., Njuguna, E.C., Said, M.Y. and de By, R.A. (1998) Interpretation of DRSRS animal counts 1977 - 1997 in the rangeland districts of Kenya : e-book. Enschede ; Nairobi, ITC ; Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS), 1998. Full text

Knolle, P. (redactie) , Lanjouw, R. (redactie) and de By, R.A. (redactie) (1998) Vogels in Twente : het landschap, de vogels, vijftien wandelingen. Hengelo, Boekhandel Broekhuis, 1998. ISBN: 90-70162-58-X.

Presentations

Imran, M., Zurita-Milla, R. and de By, R.A. (2011) Integrated environmental modeling : an SDI - based framework for integrated assessment of agricultural information. Presented at AGILE 2011 : the 14th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, 18-21 April 2011, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 9 p. Full text

Imran, M., Zurita-Milla, R. and de By, R.A. (2011) Uncertainty in agricultural integrated assessment workflows in the SDI framework : abstract. In: Spatial statistics 2011 : mapping global change, abstracts for the conference, 23-25 March, 2011, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands / editor A. Stein, , E. Pebesma, , G.B.M. Heuvelink. - Enschede : University of Twente Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation ITC, 2011. 1 p. Full text

Drucker, D.P., de By, R.A. and Joly, C.A. (2009) Human understanding of biodiversity : representation of inventories with database systems to support conservation strategies : abstract. In: Diversitas OSC2 : biodiversity and society : understanding connections, adapting to change : abstracts, 13-16 October 2009, Cape Town, South Africa. pp. 117. Full text | Full text

de By, R.A. and Morales, J.M. (2008) Formal SDI development : the specification clash between nodes and network : abstract + powerpoint. In: Inspire conference, implementation and beyond : Maribor, Slovenia, 23-25 June 2008 : abstracts. / ed. by K. Fullerton and K. Miserez. Brussels, European Commission, 2008. ISBN 978-92-79-09260-2 pp. 32-34. Full text | Full text

Morales, J.M., de By, R.A. and Lemmens, R.L.G. (2008) On the design of sustainable SDI components. Presented at the 2008 Geospatial Infrastructure solutions onference, March 9-12, 2008, Seattle, Washington USA. 9 p. Full text

de By, R.A., Morales, J.M. and Lemmens, R.L.G. (2007) Methodical construction of sustainable SDI nodes. Presented at the 8th AfricaGIS conference and exhibition, 17- 21 September 2007, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 10 p. Full text

de By, R.A. (2006) A database view on geospatial imagery : requirements for data mining : abstract. In: Abstracts of the workshop on modern aspects of remote sensing and geospatial data processing, NRSA - ITC, Hyderabad, India, 24-25 November 2006 / ed by. K.M.M. Rao, A. Stein, P.S. Roy and A.S. Manjunath. Hyderabad : National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), 2006. 1 p. Full text

Saadi Mesgari, M., Kainz, W. and de By, R.A. (1999) 3D Topological data modeling for public utilities. In: 1st Conference of the Association of Geographic Information laboratories in Europe (AGILE), Enschede, ITC, 1998. - 15 p.

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